Physical Design Interview Questions and Answers

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Physical Design Interview questions with Answers

11. What is antenna effect?


It will cause in long metal layer
In long metal layer while doing the fabrication will induced plasma to remove unwanted particle, during the plasma etching process the ions get accumulated on the long metal, due to that certain discharge flow is created through the gate due to that It will damage the gate this is called antenna effect.

12. How will we fix the antenna violation?

By adding the buffers: If the net length is high then will break the nets and will add the buffers.

Antenna diodes: will connect near to the gate in reverse vies so that excessive charge discharge to the ground (will connect positive terminal to the ground and negative terminal to the gate net so whatever the excessive charge it will discharge to the ground).

We will insert the diode on input pin of gate.

Layer hopping: From lower metal layer to higher metal layer, we connect. because the lower metal layer fabricates first so whatever the charges induced on that metal layer so once it is fabricated, the charges induced to ground like it will discharge all the charges to the ground so it will not pass to the next layer.

13. What is OCV, AOCV and POCV?

OCV: OCV is nothing but on chip variation. It will add the flat and equal de-rate will add de-rate number 10 only for any design.

AOCV: AOCV is two types

     1) Depth base

     2) Distance base

      Distance base is nothing, but it will take the parameter of the bounding box and it will calculate the de-rate and it will add.

      In depth base, if depth increases de-rate decreases. Two type of depth base

      Path based and Graph based.

      Path based: It will take the specify transition whichever we specified, that it will take, and it will calculate the de-rate value.

      Graph based: It will take the worst transition, and it will calculate the de-rate.

     POCV:  In POCV it will calculate the de-rate according to the cell delay.

14. How Setup and Hold will be calculated?

Setup will be calculated by (RT>AT)

Hold will be calculated by (AT>RT)

In setup, hold time requirement we need clock period, clock2q delay,

combinational delay, clock2lunch path and clock2capture path.

•   Slack = RT-AT For setup

•   Slack = AT-RT for Hold

15. What fixes will we do in ECO stage?

If it is timing related, fix the DRV’s, first touch the clock transition, clock capacitance and clock fan-out violation will fix that.

After that data transition, data capacitance, High fan-out data nets, Long nets, Setup violation, Hold violation.

In PV (Physical Verification) fix the DRC violation like minimum width violation, minimum spacing violation and the pitch, Density violation, some internal pins are not on the truck I legalize those cells and some overlaps were there because of that my PV Base was falling that I fixed, Antenna violation also I fixed, IR violation, EM violation also I fixed.

16. What is cross talk and how it affects time.

Cross talk is nothing but interaction between aggressor and victim nets due to cross coupling capacitance will be seeing the crosstalk violation.

•There are two types in cross talk violation

1)Cross talk noise/ Cross talk delay

2)Cross talk glitch

 If the aggressor and victim are switching in the same direction so that aggressor

Nets is switching fast that will influence the victim net for that reason victim nets will also switch fast because of that we can see the hold violation.

If the aggressor and victim net are switching in opposite direction so victim net speed will be down so because of that we will see the setup violation.

Usually, the cross talk will be affecting only victim nets.

17. How will fix setup?

•If the net lengths are high more then 50micron we will break the net and add the buffers.

•If the net length is good, drivers drive strength is less 2x,3x like that will upsize the driver.

•If net length is good and driver is also good at that time will swipe up the cells upsizing or downsizing.

•Will swipe up the HVT to LVT, LVT to HVT.

•If the setup is violating because of the cross talk so will find the victim nets and will add the buffers.

18. What is latency and how will we fix it?

•There are Two type

      Source latency: It is nothing, but time taken from PLL to source point is called source latency.

Network latency: Is nothing but time taken from source point to clk pin of the flip flop is called as network latency.

•For fix the latency:

 If tool is adding the more number of buffers, will just remove the buffers.

 If tool is not adding the proper buffers to minimize the latency at that will add the buffers

19. What is IR drop and how to fix it?

The proper current is not going to switch the flops, cells mean less amount of Power is going because of that IR drop will occur.

20. How to fix Dynamic IR drop?

This depends upon switching activity and frequency.

 If the cells are clusters so we will be giving the keep-out margin for that, we will spread those cells or will use partial blockages.

Certain amount of cells sit in that region that also we can do.

If there are high drive strength of cells, we can downsize that but those things we will check in time corner due to that any timing violation is not coming then will do otherwise will not do.

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